Thus, the F- and V-type ATPases are two distinct, although related, molecular machines in which the action of multiple parts is tightly coordinated to achieve coupling between ion current and ATP ...

The gradient created by this drives hydrogen back through the membrane, through ATP synthase. As this happens, the enzymatic activity of ATP synthase synthesiszes ATP from ADP. Mitochondria are ...

This project is interested in how ATP synthase can rotate, how the rotation transmits the energy from proton flow, the mechanism of ATP synthesis, and why the biological world has adapted this type of ...